Software Engineering Ambiguities And Omission Computer Science Essay

Software Engineering Ambiguities And Omission Computer Science Essay Ambiguities and omission are statement that can be explained in number of ways. For example, the following statement is ambiguous. The operator identity consists of the operator name and password; the password consists of six digits. It should be displayed on the security vdu and deposited in the login file when an operator logs into the system. According to the question there are so many ambiguities and omission can be found in the given scenario. The main ambiguities and omission includes in given scenario as follows: The structured approach described in study text can be dividing as follows: Preface, introduction, glossary, user requirement definition, system architecture, system requirements specification, system models, system evolution, appendices, and index. The first category of structured approach is preface. In this stage should define the expected readership of the document and describe its version history, including a rationale for the creation of a new version and a summery of the changes made in each version.  [2]  In the second stage of structured approach is the introduction. In this stage this should describe the need for the system. There should be a brief explanation about its functions and will it works with other systems.Acooding to the given scenario the ticket machine is made for perches rail ticket quickly rather than waiting in the que to perches rail ticket. When the user enters the start button he can chooses the destination. After selecting the destination user can se e the availability of trains ,train time, what kind of trains available(slow or fast,overground or underground train).When the customer chooses the destination,train,and the time user can purchases the rail ticket by paying card or cash. In the next stage of the structured approach which is user requirement definition, needs to define the services provide for the user. User requirements can be explained as follows: When user enters the start button he should abele to see the destinations. When the destination chooses he should be abele to see the train time and the ticket price. If the customer confirms the selected destination he should be abele to pay by card or cash. If the customer wants purchases more than one ticket their should be a option to select the numbers of ticket .After that customer should abele to chooses the payment method (cash or card).If the customer user wants to pay by card he should abele to input the card. After input the card if the user change his mind and wants to pay by cash there must be option to cancel the payment method as a card and choose the payment method as cash. If the customer paid by cash change and receipt must be given. The next stage of structured approach involves to given scenario is system requirement specification. This should explain about the functional and non functional requirement s in detail. According to the system requirement the system should be able to display the destination when the user selects the start button. When the customer chooses the destination system should be abele to display the availability of trains, time.and price. If there are no trains for chosen time system should be abele to display the alternatives (eg; replacement bus services). When the customer selects the train the system should be abele display the payment method (cash or card).According to the scenario user can only pay by credit card or cash, but the system should be able to take debit cards as well. Because most people use r debit cards more than credit cards).If the user input a card before choosing the payment method or input a invalid card system should abele to displays the error massage. If user has been paid by cash system should able to gives the change back. After purchasing rail ticket by card or cash, the system should able to print the valid ticket to chosen destination and abele to provide the receipt for the payment which has been done? The next stage of the structured approach is System models, which has been don in question (e.) .The last stage which involves to given scenario is system evolution. This refers to the fundamental assumptions on which the system is based and anticipated changes due to hardware evolution, changing user needs.etc..(Eg: if the user wants to purchases the ticket online at home he should be able to log in to the system and purchases the train ticket. (c.)Write the user requirements definitions. The user requirements for a system could be divided to functional and non functional requirements, because it helps to the user to understand the system without technical knowledge. User requirements are defined using natural language, tables and diagrams as these can be understood by all users. There are so many problems can be generated when requirements are written in natural language. Lack of clarity It is something difficult to use language in a precise and unambiguous way without making the document wordy and difficult to read. Requirements confusion- Functional requirements, non-functional requirements, system goals and design information may be clearly distinguished. Requirements amalgamation- Several different requirements may be expressed together as a single requirement User requirements can be defined as: the software must provide a means of representing and accessing external files created by other tools.  [3]  According to the above scenario user requirements can be explained as follows. When the user presses the start button he should be able to choose the options (For example customer selecting a specific destination, the destination is in which zone, etc) When the customer chooses the destination user should be able to find out the train times and what kinds of trains (fast train or slow train, underground train or over ground train) are available for that time. If trains are not available or delays at that time user should be able to find out the alternatives such as when is the next train available?, Is there any replacement bus service available?, etc.. After choosing the destination, train and the train time, user should able to see the ticket price. User should able to choose the payment method (card payment or cash payment) to purchases the rail-ticket. If the user wants to pay by cash he should able to enter the cash and confirms the cash payment. After confirming the cash payment, rail ticket should be printed and receipt for the payment and change needs to be given. If the user wants to pay by card he should able to input the credit card or debit card and enter the validation pin. User should be able to get the rail ticket and the receipt after payment has been made. (d.)Write the system requirements specifications. System requirements are expanded versions of the user requirements that used by software engineers as the starting point of the system design.  [4]  Normally they add details and explain how the user requirements should be provided by the system. According to the given scenario software requirements can be highlight as follows: When the user enters the start button the system should be able display the destinations. When customer chooses the destination the system should be displayed the train availability, what kind of trains available (fast, slow train or over ground, underground) of chosen destination and the departures time. If there are no trains available at that time the system should able display saying that there are no trains available at chosen time enter the more option button to check the alternatives. When the alternatives selects system should be abele to display the alternatives(eg.take the replacement bus 472 towards London bride and take the northern line towards Morden -estimated time 1 hour and 32 minutes) If the trains available, after the choosing the destination and the departure time, the system should be able to display the ticket price for the all kinds of trains. For example if the user wants to take underground train within zone 1-6 the travel card will be  £6.30. When the customer selects the ticket type for the chosen destination the system should be able to display the payment method (pay by card or cash). If the customer chooses the payment method as cash system should display how much user needs to pay totally and also should display a massage saying input the cash for perches the ticket) When the customer input the cash the system should be able to charged exactly for the ticket price and change need to be given. Because most of the time users do not keep exact amount for the ticket.mostely they keep  £10 or  £20 notes. If the customer chooses the payment method as card he should confirmed the payment method as card and needs to input the card. When the customer enters the pin the system should abele to verify the card and take the money from users account, but the card is invalid there should be a error massage should be displayed saying you have entered a invalid card please enter the valid card. I f the validation is successful system should de abele to charge from uses account and provide the receipt. (e.)Draw a sequence diagram showing the actions performed in the ticket-issuing system. You may make any reasonable assumptions about the system. Pay particular attention to specifying user errors. Sequance diagram (f.)Write a set of non-functional requirements setting out its expected reliability and its response time. Requirements that are not directly concerned with the specific functions delivered by the system known as none functional system requirements. None functional requirements are not only concern with the software system to be developed, some may concern with the process that should be used to develop the system. There are three non-functional requirements. They are Product Requirements: Which specify the behaviour of the product? Ex: how fast are the system executed and how much memory dose it requires? Speed can be measured by processed transaction, event response time and screen refresh time. Organisational Requirements: requirements driven by polices and procedures in the customers and developers organisation. Ex implementation requirements such as the programming language or design method used. External requirements: Requirements that are driven from factors external to the system and its development process. Also the time that the user take to get familiar with the system and number of help forums that are available, robustness of the system , how much time it take to restart the system in case of a failure occurred. Reliability that measures mean time to failure. Rate of failure accuracy availability and portability of unavailability. Portability of percentage is non-functional requirements that are important when designing a ticket issuing system. (g.)Develop a set of use-cases that could serve as a basis for understanding the requirements for ticket-issuing system. Use Case (h.)Briefly describe the requirements validation process. Discuss all the checks that you have to perform to validate the above requirements in ticket-issue system. Requirement validation concern with the specification of the system that customer wants is functioning according to the requirements. Requirement validation also examines the specification to ensure that all software requirements have been stated unambiguously; that inconsistence, omission and errors have been identified and correct them. Following checks have been carried out on requirements Availability checks Since this is a ticketing system that is used by public. There are multiple users with multiple requirements. Therefore the requirement validation should be favourable for all users. However some users may find there requirements are fulfilled and some may not. Consistency Checks There should be no contradictory constrains or descriptions of the system function. Completeness Checks To check all the requirements have been achieved Realism Checks Once the requirements being gathered it is important to check that the system can be implemented with the current technologies and also it is possible to finish the project with the given time period with the allocated budget. Verifiability To reduce the potential of dispute between customer and contractor, system requirements should always be written so that they are referable (i.)Create a semantic data model for the above scenario. Data model (j.)What is the impact if when the customer pays cash, he is allowed not to have the exact amount? According to the given scenario if the user pays by cash he needs to pay the exact amount. For example if the rail ticket is  £6.30 user must pay exactly  £6.30.Specialy the cities like London most people dont carry change with them they keep  £5,  £10 or  £20 notes. It is a user requirement to get the change back if the user inserts cash more than exact amount. System should abele to give the change back. However in the real life most of the ticket machines, if you put cash you get the change back.

Student Discipline Strategies for Teachers: Analisis of Case Studies Es

SCENARIO 1 In scenario 1, Miss Anita is using the Canter’s Assertive Discipline Model to overcome the misbehaviour of her students. She gave warning to her students who are talking and to the boy who gave the answers to the students who had been called to answer. Miss Anita threatened two boys with detention after they commit misbehaviour of shooting the paper balls into the trash. Other than that, Miss Anita punished one of the students who making faces and causing other students to laugh by applying the Skinner’s Model of Behaviour Modification. She applies the technique by isolating the student away from her friends. However, it seems that Miss Anita’s initiatives to halt the misbehaviour by her students are ineffective. Ineffective teachers only attempt to discipline their students with threats and punishments rather than laying a foundation with effective procedures for the learning environment (Frei, 2007). From my opinion, the misbehaviour Based on the scenario giv en, Miss Anita only focusing on giving threat and punishment without setting a clear set of rules on what are the things the students can do and cannot do in the classroom as well as the rationale of setting up that rules and the reason why they cannot misbehave in the classroom. Other than that, she did not apply the Canter’s Assertive Discipline Model in the right way as she only warning the students who misbehave in the classroom without a proper action to stop the misbehaviour. SCENARIO 2 Next in scenario 2, Mr. Andy has to cope with two of his students who are Danish and Ani. In settling with Danish problem which are, always having difficulty to focus on completing his task, Mr. Andy use the strategy of Kounin’s Group Management Model. Accordi... ... A. (2011). Instructional Strategies for Middle and Secondary Social Studies: Methods, Assessment, and Classroom Management. New York: Routledge. Morgan , N. (2009). Quick, Easy and Effective Behaviour Management Ideas for the Classroom. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Parker, H. C. (2014). The ADD Hyperactivity Handbook For Schools. New York: Routledge. Savage, T. V. & Savage, M. K. (2009). Successful Classroom Management and Discipline: Teaching Self-Control and Responsibility. California: SAGE Publications. Skinner, B. F. (2002). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Indiana: Hackett Publishing. Taylor, G. R. (2004). Practical Application of Classroom Management Theories Into Strategies. Maryland: University Press of America. Yisrael, S. (2012). Classroom Management: A Guide for Urban School Teachers. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Education.

Compare and contrast the poems Essay

The poem leaves us either reassured that in the midst of all evil there can be some good or depressed and in despair because in the family life of the Belson commandant lurks an evil which could ruin their lives any time. Night of the Scorpion The title denotes power and control from the scorpion as one night the scorpion ruled and controlled everything that happened. The title uses Night to give a sense of dark times and that something fatal may occur. The poem is very other. It has an Indian location which is where scorpions can be found as it is one of the warmer regions of the world. The poem is in free verse with the last three lines sectioned off. It is of narrative style and contains a very memorable heart. The weather was desperate and it was lashing with rain. In fact the monsoon conditions had affected the scorpion and all that it wanted to do was to shelter from the torrent. However it was disturbed by the poet’s mother who was probably searching for rice to feed her family. She was stung and the poison from the tail entered her bloodstream like a foreign invader defiling the enemy territory. Many neighbours arrived and the author compares this to a â€Å"swarm of flies†. I would compare it to students who clamour around desperate fro entertainment around a schoolyard fight or would be helpers around an accident victim. The neighbours like the helpers all had their suggestions many of their ideas involving the power, rituals and beliefs of religion. The scorpion is thought to be evil when in reality it is only trying to protect itself. The people believed that the victim and the scorpion were still linked. This bond meant that when the scorpion moved the poison inside the mother moved around her blood invading and conquering. Many prayers were said for the victim. The neighbours also felt that out of this tragic accident some good would emerge. The poison would â€Å"burn away† her sins and cleanse and purify her body of excessive ambition and lustful or adulterous thoughts or acts. Neighbours believed that her suffering was paying the price of evil to God and reducing the amount of evil in the world. The victim’s husband was willing to try any one idea or a combination and mixture of the suggestions. He was usually not one to believe in religion but usually based his opinions on logic and facts. Yet even he set fire to the affected site and watched the â€Å"flame feeding† on her toe. A holy man was allowed to perform sacred rites and after twenty hours the victim recovers only to rejoice in the fact that it was her and not her children. The mother’s wishes were a superb example of the unconditional love most mothers feel for their children. Comparisons and Differences. Both poems are about creatures who are simply concerned with their own survival. With the vultures it is the need for food that causes them to be scavenges and with the scorpion its wish not to be squashed causes it to â€Å"flash its diabolic tail†. Both poems give information on cultures that are not familiar to us. The main difference is the message given by the poets In vultures the readers can chose there own position with regards to good and evil whereas the second message denotes the helplessness that sometimes death will occur and at other times the victim will survive. In the scorpion it is possible for both the victim and the scorpion to survive whereas the vultures will die if they don’t eat prey and the prey is already dead. Death is a necessary evil for the vultures. Cultural Background I think that ‘Night of the Scorpion’ best captures cultural background because it mentions religion and family life from another culture. For example â€Å"mud baked walls† and â€Å"candles and lanterns† and the â€Å"Holy man performing his rights to tame the poison with an incantation†. Whereas ‘vultures’ is set in the middle of nowhere, somewhere like the deserted plains of Africa. It isn’t something that would be found happening in a village. ‘Scorpion’ is a true story of the poets’ family and it comes across through the detail and building of atmosphere the poem contains brought about by the phrase â€Å"ten hours of steady rain had driven him to crawl beneath a sack of rice†. As he was there at the time his thoughts and feelings are brought across very well in his writing. The poem shows compassion when the â€Å"mother only said Thank God the scorpion picked on me and spared my children. † Conclusion I prefer ‘vultures’ as I like the way in which evil is contained in good. This is shown in the phrase â€Å"in the very germ of that kindred love is lodged the perpetuity of evil†. The evil is described in phrases such as â€Å"picked the eyes of a swollen corpse†, â€Å"ate the things in its bowel† and â€Å"fumes of human roast†. The good however is conjured up by â€Å"inclined affectionately† and â€Å"tender offspring. I feel it is more of a poem compared to Night of the Scorpion because Scorpion is a very much narrative style of writing. It is too narrative for my liking.

The Long Girl essays

The Long Girl essays Many novels are so successful in selling that producers can't wait to put the story onto the big screen. Most of times, the original novel is way better than the movie because its able to capture and let the reader know the exact emotions of each individual character, and all the symbols and events that happen throughout the book. In the novel the reader is able to use their imagination. This is what the author William Golding was trying to do in the novel "The Lord of the Flies." Overall, the novel is better then the movie because it has better description of the characters feelings, and symbols that has a true meaning in the story. First of all, the classic movie, "The Lord of the Flies," seems to be missing some things involving the characters. I think the reason to this is the time they have for the movie, so the character's role and his true feeling are not real or believable unlike the novel. In the novel, the readers can see how Piggy really feels and that he was being treated as an "Outsider" but, in the film version the audience doesnt clearly see the true feelings of Piggys emotion. Other characters in the movie such as Simon and Roger are so like no there in the movie so it puzzles the viewers because the movie doesnt show their roles. The movie failed in showing Simon as a "Christ" figure and Roger's evil nature. On the other hand, the novel has all these ideas and allows the reader to use their creativity and most of all their imagination. So, since the movie wasnt able to give the audience more information about the characters, their role, and their emotions, the novel is much more effective and ha s more information. Secondly, the novel gives the reader more insight into the story with the authors use of symbols. The novel is able to do this because it in depths the most important messages and serious incidents. For example, Piggy's glasses represent civilization, but once ...

Caution

Caution: before reading this essay I just want to let you know that this book just *censored*ing sucks!Ok, now you may continue! I recieved a 90 for this paper out of 100. Daniel Roke, an experienced Australian stud farmer, has been hired to investigate a series of horse dopings throughout Englands racing circuit. Dan, hoping to break free from his dull and tedious life in Australia, accepted the offer when it was presented to him by The Earl of October. Seeing as how October was one of the most respected and successful people in the business, Dan was offered 20,000 pounds for the completion of his job. With his family in mind Dan set off to Octobers stables where he first began the mission that would change his life forever. In Dick Franciss newest mystery novel, For Kicks, Daniel Roke discovers his true self by risking life and limb trying to expose the secret underground world of horse doping. Disguised as a stable lad, Dan makes his way through some of the dirtiest stables in England starting at Octobers and working his way down to Hedly Humbers, all while earning the reputation of a criminal. Dans investigation takes him to places hed never been before and makes him an enemy as well as a friend to many. Dan quickly learns that people who would abuse horses would do far worse to humans and that as soon as you enter Humbers stable its no holds barred. The author uses Daniel Roke, a well-known stud farmer in Australia, to depict the harsh realities of horse racing that many overlook. Throughout Dans adventure he begins to realize how badly stable lads are treated and how often they are stereotyped as being terrible people. He also finds it extremely difficult to stand by and allow people to abuse horses the way they. Dan absolutely hates the disrespect and cruelty that the horses have to withstand and is completely shocked when he witnesses it first hand. This ...

For one more day by Mitch Albom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

For one more day by Mitch Albom - Research Paper Example Most male children like to be associated with their fathers though they have difficult relationships with them. Charley always sided with his father. He always wanted his father’s approval though he was always hard on him. He made Charley believe that he was never good enough. This made him try hard with the intent of affirming his worth. This happened in his childhood and adulthood when he was at the Old Timers baseball team. Charley’s father in the novel represents the fathers who live their dreams through their children. It is true that parents like to achieve their targets through their children by forcing them to do what they do not like. Charlie’s father wanted him to realize his vision of playing baseball. He bullied his son though he was growing up. This is shown when the father ordered him to leave his mother’s birthday party for a baseball game. He told Charley that he should choose either his mother or him. The father told him that he could not choose both. Charley discovered later that his father was a hypocrite who led a double life. This is because his father has a second alcohol store, a second wife, and another child (Albom 17). Charley’s relationship with his mother in the novel shows that mothers support their children though they tend to make serious mistakes. His mother always made him realize that he should return to his life. Charlie discovered that his mother was considerate compared to his father. This was evident when Charlie told his mother that he made a wrong mistake when they visited the Italian wife. He told his mother that he loved and admired her. Charlie thought that he should have chosen his mother over his father. However, his mother opposed by indicating that it was not his culpable because he never had a chance to choose. She knew that his son was confused throughout his life because he failed

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Review - Article Example He emphasizes on the allowing the staff the freedom to execute their duties with innate wisdom rather than following a set of rules laid out by the company. The training staff should be able to impact knowledge on the team of employees with the resolve to end lack of information and hesitation in performing the task at hand. It is clear that the staff should practice critical thinking in various situations so as to come up with the best solution to a problem in question. Such thinking will enable the employees to analyze the problem, evaluate it as well as review the ways of approaching the issue. They use own logic to devise the resolution of conflict after taking in the pros and cons of the problem. No wonder the writer is keen to illustrate that staff have to be capable of using their own initiative to handle problems in the organization. This piece of writing has gone out of its way to outline how the issue is to be handled. Instead of just stating facts, the writer has taken the pain to elaborate on how one should go about upgrading the customer care service of the entire organization. He has given tips for both start-ups and large companies. His pointers are easy to follow and applicable to all types of business ventures irrespective of their size and numbers. This is a simple and well defined article with no hidden meaning or jargons that could confuse or manipulate the point laid across. In addition, the example given is practical and drawn from a well to do organization that has proven track success in their business. One will be more inclined to believe what the writer is talking about rather than read the article for leisure. However, the article is biased as it talks more about airline administration and no other. It as if the ideas were targeted for companies in the airline industry leaving out other business ventures. This approach could cause one to doubt the credibility of the whole idea outlined in the article causing hesitation in the incorpor ation of the mindset put forth. It is also a very short writing that tends to leave us hanging on the subject matter as one is left with many questions in mind. This is shown after the writer lists what he learnt on the training he attended without broadening or adding light on the issues touched. He doesn’t touch on success they have gained from the experience especially on the part of customers. His theory is directed on the employees without shedding light on how their actions have resulted in the realization of the end goal. The missing link in this writing is that success stories that have arisen out of proper customer service have not been recorded. We should have been given examples on reports of the success of the practice that has been instigated rather than just laying out the ideas. Also, a more global approach should have been taken as it is a local borrowing on the subject matter. Other companies in other sectors of the industry have been shut off as the practica bility of the subject has not been proven for their case. We are not convinced on taking up the issue as it has not been fully exhausted as we expected it to be. The starting was very catchy as it was very clear and precise but at the end we are left wondering if there was more to it than was laid out. The title does not suit the writing as one is tempted to think that we will be talking about the customers who are the people of value in the